{"id":454,"date":"2025-11-18T17:56:19","date_gmt":"2025-11-18T17:56:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alankabootmedia.com\/?p=454"},"modified":"2025-11-18T18:09:33","modified_gmt":"2025-11-18T18:09:33","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a-%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%b1-%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%b7%d9%86%d8%a9-%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alankabootmedia.com\/?p=454","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

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\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong>
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– \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a.
– \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627.
– \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a-\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

– \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647.
– \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0638\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

– \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629: \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0646).
– \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0648-\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.
– \u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

– \u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.
– \u0639\u0627\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u0630\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644.
– \u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

– \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b \u062b\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629. \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631.
– \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631.
– \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 (\u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629) \u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

– \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 (1914\u20131918) \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627. \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646.
– \u0633\u064f\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0651\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0622\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627.
– \u0627\u062a\u064f\u0647\u0650\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646\/\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u062a\u0623\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064d \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

– \u0631\u0623\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u064a\u064a\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646. \u0641\u064a 1916 \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0632 (\u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629-\u0645\u0635\u0631\u06cc\u0629-\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629) \u0636\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631.
– \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062b\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 (1916) \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629. \u062a\u0645 \u0636\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a-\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629).
– \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

– \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u0629: \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0627\u064b.
– \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629.
– \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f.
– \u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a<\/strong>
– \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629: \u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629.
– \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0649 \u0628\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u0637\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a.
– \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628. \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647 \u062a\u064f\u0632\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b. \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631\u060c 2008.
– \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u0628\u0631\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c 1995.
– \u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 23\u060c 2012.
– \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644\u060c 2010.
– \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645\u060c 2015.
– \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631: \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c 2018.
– \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629\u060c 2014.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

إعداد:مهند عثمان التوم أحمد مقدمةالسلطان علي دينار (حوالي 1856–1916) هو آخر سلاطين سلطنة دارفور المستقلة التي كانت تقع غرب السودان. حكم نحو أربعة عقود (تقريباً من 1898 حتى 1916) وتميّز عهده بمحاولة الحفاظ على استقلال دارفور في مواجهة التغيرات الإقليمية والانتداب الأوروبي في القرن العشرين، وبمحاولاته للموازنة بين العرف السياسي المحلي والضغوط الخارجية وخاصة من […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":455,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[37],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-454","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-darfour"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/alankabootmedia.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/454","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/alankabootmedia.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/alankabootmedia.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alankabootmedia.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alankabootmedia.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=454"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/alankabootmedia.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/454\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":456,"href":"https:\/\/alankabootmedia.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/454\/revisions\/456"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alankabootmedia.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/455"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/alankabootmedia.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=454"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alankabootmedia.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=454"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alankabootmedia.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=454"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}